The Rwandan Genocide s Impact On The Experiences Of The...

The genocide in Rwanda is representative of one of the most horrendous and unnecessary losses to life in recent world history. Rwanda’s crisis is a historical product, not a biological fatality or a ‘spontaneous’ bestial outburst. Both the Tutsi and the Hutu, were not predestined for all eternity to disembowel one another because the taller and thinner of the two came from Egypt, while the shorter stockier ones were born in the shores of Lake Kivu. This genocide has a history filled with complex roots, many contradictions, and brutal twists of fates, sudden accelerations, and periods of spiritual collapse. Hence, the aim of this paper is to examine, the Rwandan genocide’s impact on the lived experiences of the children and youths present†¦show more content†¦Rwanda became formally independent on the first of July in the year 1962, under the republican government. Tens of thousands of Tutsis fled in 1963 to nearby nations of Uganda, Burundi, and T anzania because of increasing interethnic violence; as a result, many of them were able to form a political military group called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and their successful military coup in 1973 brought Major General Juvenal Habyarimana to power in Rwanda. Due to the growing internal dissent by conservatives because of his negotiations with the RPF and his move to a multiparty elections, it did not come as a shock when the presidential plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down over the capital of Kigali on the night of April 6 1994. Immediately after the Habyarimana’s death, a carefully planned genocide began, with the mass slaughtering of large amounts of Tutsis all across the state – as well as some key Hutu people in support of a multiethnic government; resulting in the killings of over half a million people within the span of two months. Of those who survived this genocide, many children witnessed the murder of their family members, and hundreds of thousands of children being orphaned, in addition with two hundred and

The Political Opposition Of Executions - 1618 Words

routine; there were days when more than 100 persons were executed. Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions in the 12 months following Bani Sadr s impeachment, a conservative figure because the authorities did not report all executions. The pace of executions slackened considerably at the end of 1982, partly as a result of a deliberate government decision but primarily because, by then, the back of the armed resistance movement had largely been broken. The radical opposition had, however, eliminated several key clerical leaders, exposed vulnerabilities in the state s security apparatus, and posed the threat, never realized, of sparking a wider opposition movement. The December decree, however, implied no increased tolerance for†¦show more content†¦In February 1983, the government arrested Tudeh leader Nureddin Kianuri, other members of the party Central Committee, and more than 1,000 party members. The party was proscribed, and Kianuri confessed on television to spying for the Soviet Union and to espionage, deceit, and treason. Possibly because of Soviet intervention, none of the leading members of the party was brought to trial or executed, although the leaders remained in prison. Many rank and file members, however, were put to death. By 1983 Bazargan s IFM was the only political group outside the factions of the ruling hierarchy that was permitted any freedom of activity. Even this group was barely tolerated. For example, the party headquarters was attacked in 1983, and two party members were assaulted on the floor of the Majlis. In 1984 Khomeini denounced the Hojjatieh, a fundamentalist religious group that rejected the role assigned to the faqih under the Constitution. The organization, taking this attack as a warning, dissolved itself. For most Iranians the reciprocal obligations and privileges that define relations between kinsfolk from the parent-child bond to more distant ones have been more important than those associated with any other kind of social alignment. Although Bakhtiar won the qualified support of moderate clerics like Shariatmadari, his measures did not win him the support of Khomeini and the main opposition elements, who were now committed to the overthrow of the monarchy and

Finding my father Free Essays

My clothes felt like a cold, damp extension of my body, as I lay panting on the floor. Blood, water, sweat, I wasn’t sure what it was. At this moment, I was just glad to be alive. We will write a custom essay sample on Finding my father or any similar topic only for you Order Now As I attempted to pick myself up off the rough asphalt, I felt a warm liquid well up in the depths of my throat, as I retched onto the ground. Oddly, this wasn’t how I normally felt at 11am on a Thursday morning. My name is Alex Watson. Alex was after my father, a man who I heard a great deal about, but never met. My mother was only a college girl when she met my father. He was dead before I was born. When I asked my mother about it, she got angry, or said she was tired, anything to avoid my questions. In the end, I just had to get on with my life. I moved to New York, into an apartment block which encapsulated the bleak misery of city life. You eventually learn to block out the sirens, gunshots and screaming. About a year ago, I got an urge to discover who my father was, beyond the facade of distorted facts my mother decided to disclose to me. For some reason, I needed to know. I needed to know the truth, and seeing as nobody was going to tell me, I decided to look for myself. The task turned out to be the proverbial needle in the haystack. The problem with my father was, he liked to keep a low profile. So much so that, until I was sixteen, I had no idea what he did for a living. Anything I did find out about him was on a need to know basis. Discovering my father wasn’t going to be as easy as I first imagined. Home was not exactly an awe-inspiring. My roommates where cockroaches, and a stray cat who I had named Takeshi. These more than minor inconveniences allowed me some pleasures, such drowning my sorrows in â€Å"The Manhattan†, a bar so close to my apartment that I could wander out if it drunk and fall into my bed†¦or at least the floor. This was my escape, my salvation from the nine to five drudgery of my life. I was never good at working in boxes. I worked as a retail technician for a major electrical appliance company. I answered phone calls from people whose children had put jam sandwiches in their VCR’s, or people phoning me asking why the cup holder on their new computer was broken. I was supposed to respond to them in a cheerful, knowledgeable manner, but most of the time I had to concentrate on not screaming and slamming the phone down. However, their phone calls did break the monotony of staring at a prefabricated cardboard wall, rules and codes of conduct staring at me in the face. I felt trapped. I felt like I needed to escape, a release from my life. It’s probably normal to, at some point or other, question your existence on this planet. Why are you here? What’s so special about you? In my case, I took a long hard look at myself, and found nothing. Nada. Jack shit. I could find no real reason for me to be on this earth. And to be completely honest, this didn’t surprise me. I had always been decidedly average. My only sense of purpose was finding the truth about my father, but to do that I needed money, and to get money I needed to work. Unfortunately, as I’ve already stated, my job was like a nine to five lecture on the art of watching paint dry. What I needed was a miracle. What I got was a blessing in disguise. â€Å"Sir, you can’t stay here, it’s public endangerment!†. I can’t say I ever heard these words, my drunken demeanour, as well the cacophony of the halted cars horns, prevented them from reaching my ears as I wandered down the middle of a road. I tripped over my own feet, and landed back first. â€Å"Back owf!† I warned, â€Å"I’m armsed!†. I swung my whiskey bottle wildly, until it flung off and hit the floor. â€Å"Crap† I murmured before passing out. Two hours later, conscious and sober, when I was informed of the events, I can’t say I was surprised. My excuse? I was bored. However, when I told this to the police, they were less than impressed. I was expecting them to throw me into one of their first class, luxurious cells for the night, and maybe, if I’m luck, beaten to a pulp for saying I supported the wrong football team. But if I’ve learnt anything, it’s that life’s a bitch, and you never get what you want. Simply a clip round one ear and a â€Å"Don’t do that again!† in the other. Jesus, my mother gave me better telling off than that when I was seven! Slightly disheartened at the state of the judicial and law enforcement services, I made my way towards the door, and the unbearable natural light of the afternoon. As I did this, I glanced over at the desk. She was there. The woman who arrested me last night, when I decided to take a walk on the wrong side of the road†¦figuratively and literally. Suddenly, I felt something I hadn’t expected. I felt a twinge of guilt. It was a feeling I hadn’t felt in a long time, not since before I started destroying my mind with drink. I felt guilty for what I had done, I felt like I needed to apologise. I crept over to the desk, unsure of what to say, but sure of what to do. â€Å"Excuse me miss. Er†¦I just..er†¦wanted to say that†¦er†¦I’m sorry about last night.† Normally I’m a little more articulate than that, but the effects of last night’s binge hadn’t quite worn off. â€Å"That’s ok.† She said, as her face broke into a smile. It was at this point I noticed something that had escaped me last night, (possibly because my eyesight was in a less than perfect state). This woman, smiling at me from behind the desk, was beautiful, not in a catwalk super model kind-of-way, which had never appealed to me, but in a regular, every day kind of way. Her smile was kind and gentle, and her deep brown eyes sparkled in the hazy mid-day sun. She was stunning in a subtle way. I was falling for her, and I could feel it. Her smile broke as she spoke again, â€Å"Normally, I get a nasty sneer off people, and that’s off the nice ones. But I could tell you were different, even when I first saw you.† Her face broke into a smile again, and I just hoped I wasn’t staring at her. â€Å"I don’t know†¦I just knew you where different.† I returned the smile, the first real smile I had had in months. â€Å"Thank you. Hopefully , I’ll see you around.† She smiled at me, â€Å"Hopefully not under the same circumstances, but we can live in hopes otherwise.† As I walked out of the door, the painful brightness of the midday sun couldn’t dampen my mood. I was no closer to finding my father, but maybe a step closer to finding myself. How to cite Finding my father, Papers

Empirical Evidence Electrics and Electronics Industry †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Evidence Electrics and Electronics Industry. Answer: Introduction The scope and the influences of logistics have evolved immensely in the late 40s to 60s of the last century. Initially only the military organizations used logistics, but later the scopes of logistics were extended beyond the army organizations and were widely known as one of the most important apparatus to develop competitiveness. The term competitive advantage means that the association has the required capability to distinguish itself in the eyes of the customers and also is working at a lower price and greater revenue (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). The logistics facilitates in receiving the products or goods and services as and when they are required and preferred to the clients. Logistics as well helps in various economic connections and serving as a significant enabler of expansion of trade and commerce in a particular economy. The logistics nowadays is widely known as a different purpose along with the rise of the mass production systems. The distribution and production in previous days were seen as a chronological chain of particular actions. Thus the position of the logistics is to make sure the accessibility of all the needed resources prior to each step in the sequence. Inevitably the inventory of raw resources, completed goods and semi-finished merchandise is a must across the sequence to make sure the smooth functioning. The basic notion of logistics has its foundation upon the systems approach. There is a solitary chain with a run of resources initiating from the provider, after that to the plant and lastly in the end purchaser and also those actions were done in sequence to attain the customer satisfaction at low cost (Seuring and Gold 2012). Thus to be successful, there must be a harmonization in the actions of the department. With references to a specific association, the organizations get a tang ible shape because of its arrangement. Earlier times, the suppliers in distributional activities were spread across the whole structure, resulting in an overlapping of the activities and finally are inexplicable authority and responsibility. In todays world, the organizations, which are process driven organizations, the focus has shifted from the functions to process and logistics has thus become a significant element of the process. Definitions of Logistics The American Council of Logistics Management describes logistics being the processes of planning, controlling and implementing the efficient, storage of raw materials, cost effective flow, fished merchandise and related information from the origin to consumption for the reason of in compliance to the necessities of the customers (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). Experts defined logistics as the planning, controlling and implementing the physical flows of the resources and finished products from the point of origin to the point of use to meet the customers needs at the profit. The inventory can be seen as one of the main factors that can have an effect on the revenue of an organization to a huge amount. Traditionally, the organizations had to carry a lot of inventory to satisfy clients and in order to make sure an excellent customer service (Zhang et al. 2013). Later on when the funds are blocked in inventory and those were not used for any other productive purposes. Those costs will exhaust any organizations profits and logistics also helps to maintain the inventory next to the lowest level to achieve the customer objective. This can be done by small but recurrent supplies. Freight is a significant starting place of charges in logistics and this might get reduced by the measures by choosing the appropriate mode of transport, long distance shipments, route planning, consolidation of freight etc. The materials required by the clients have to be delivered on time and not ahead of the scheduled time or behind it. There must be a suitable planning of modes of the transportation with availability of the inventory would ensure this (Seuring and Gold 2012). At some times the goods might be damaged because of the improper packing or frequent handling of the delivery or other reasons. These kinds of damages add to the logistics costs and the usage of proper logistical packing, mechanized material handling equipment would diminish the harm (Zhang et al. 2013). An organization should have the potential of extending the service to the clients in te shortest time span. Using the most up-to-date technologies regarding giving out information and communication would progress the process of decision making, and that enables the organization to be elastic so that the company can satisfy the necessities of the clients within the shortest time span (Janvier-James 2012). Functions of logistics The dispensation of the orders taken from the clients is an action that is vital by itself and also consumes much time and paperwork (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). This involves the stepladder like inspecting the orders for any deviations in the negotiated terms, payment, price and delivery terms and checking whether the materials are obtainable in stock, and scheduling and producing the materials for any kinds of shortages and giving acknowledgements to the owners by signifying any deviations. Managing the inventory helps an organization to maintain an optimum level of inventory that will help to satisfy the clients. Various actions like inventory forecasting, manufacturing the order quantity, proper deployment of inventory and many more are concerned in this matter. Warehouse is the place where all the finished products are reserved before they are sent to be sold in the market. This is the most significant cost center and inappropriate warehouse management can create a lot of issues in future (Seuring and Gold 2012). Transportation helps moving the finished products to the customers place and this can be done by choosing a variety of methods like rail, seaways, air and roadways. Packaging is the most critical element in the physical allotment of the goods and it also influences the competence of the system of logistics. Value delivery in management of supply chain Nowadays the globe has turn out to be a global community, and because of liberalization and globalization the business associations are much more forced to provide the goods further than their nationalized boundaries (Janvier-James 2012). Thus in those state of affairs, the function of logistics is to offer time place and usefulness of the goods to clients. Also organizations are striving to achieve competitiveness and in their resistance to endure, the focus has shifted towards supply chain, and to deliver the worth for money for their clients. Logistics plays a significant role in the process of delivering the value and how flourishing the supply chain management is, greatly dependent on support and planning of logistics. In recent years, the trend is to outsource and organizations are continuing to farm out their operations as it is better to outsource the useful areas to experts who know how to carry out the job at a significant lower cost and this is one technique of adding valu e. Usually, the in-house logistics departments in manufacturing companies consider all the aspects of logistics (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). This is certainly not the area of the core capability of manufacturing or trading corporations. Nowadays, a lot of thriving business organizations throughout the globe is outsourcing logistics to the third party providers of logistics; those are having the necessary communications and expertise to do the work in a better way. Complete solutions of logistics are provided to manufacturers and traders by the third party logistics providers and they help to integrate a variety of operations of logistics, thus making it sure a speedy and consistent movement of supplies across the supply chain. Logistics is nowadays extensively used in almost each area. The accomplishment of a logistics service providing corporation heavily relies on how they conceptualize and put into operation the logistics solutions, and also adjust to the necessities of the custom er (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). These days organizations only look for sustainable competitive advantages, not for only the growth, but also for the need to sustain (Lee and Lam 2012). There are so much steep rivalry that companies are bound to analyze their process of business whilst they distribute the goods and services to clients, who are searching for more worth for the sum that they are spending. The focal point of rivalry has moved from the manufactured goods to the supply chain. Nowadays, logistics management is supported by the system concept and cost approach. Transportation, managing of materials, warehousing, and order processing and inventory management are the key logistics activities that impact the client cost and operation. Integrated logistics helps to take out the price of the supply chain and it also improves the level of customer service (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). When seeing at the macro level, the growth of a nations economy is wholly based on the accessibility of good logistics infrastructur e. The pace of the movement of merchandise is based to a great extent on the range of ways of transportation like road, rail, air, and sea. Logistics actually has a bright prospect, especially in countries like India, but definite pressing issues such as abolition of octopi levy, rationalization of customs formalities, and various improvements regarding road and rail infrastructure, creation of modern warehouse facilities and many more, must to be taken care of (Cozzolino 2012). Logistics and customer service Clients are definitely the center of any action as the most important cause at the back of this, being that eventually every product, service or scheme lastly needs to be catered to the customers necessities. According to experts, the Customer service as a multifaceted of behavior that involves all areas of the industry that combines to deliver and invoice the companys manufactured goods in a fashion that is supposed as acceptable by the client and which moves forward the companys objective. Customer service, as a notion has numerous aspects to it. Logistics management has a key role in increasing the customer satisfaction and also retention and thus creating a lifetime client value. In other expressions, customer service as a amalgamation of activities enables a business organization to add some more value to the purchaser It is a chief constituent of the merchandise or service that is offered to the purchaser. With good quality of customer service, the existing clients are content and this attracts new clients throughout word-of-mouth system of communication. Customer Service is not just a function or an activity (Lee and Lam 2012). It is a philosophy, and attitude. With so much importance given to customer service, companies are trying to increase the level of customer service and scale up to the expectations of the client. Unless the goods are in the hands of the purchaser at the time and place of condition, goods do not have any worth attached to them. To achieve a praiseworthy service level, the organization has to plan a closely incorporated logistics strategy (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). In todays marketplace, clients are so much difficult to deal with, not only in the quality characteristic but also in relation to the service aspect. Clients form a only some perceptions in relation to the variety of aspects of customer service like reliability, trustworthiness, responsiveness, competency etc (Seuring and Gold 2012). With the help of these cues, purchaser s evaluate the companys services and state whether they are content or not (Zhang et al. 2013). Physical distribution has a key role in providing customer service. As there an increase in the competition is seen, along with a progression in technology, firms today are faced with the increasing pressure to develop even more ground-breaking strategies for customer service. Two key factors that contributed immensely for the growing significance of customer service as a spirited weapon are the incessant progress expectations of customer and the stable shift of customers from branded goods to local unbranded products (Janvier-James 2012). An extremely good example would be the personal computer market, where the buyer finds it hard to make a difference between a branded version and an unbranded one. The swiftness of technological alteration and a decreased product life cycle has additionally enhanced the significance of customer service. It has to be ensured that over the years there has been a radical change in the mode of customer satisfaction. With changing milieu of the customer behavior and their want of the products from a company, the mode of service provision has also witnessed a certain change (Lee and Lam 2012). Thus better or to be specific, an active and effective supply chain management has the key to provide an impactful option to the companies to work on the process. In the past, the satisfaction of the customers depended more upon requirements like the quality and quantity. However, this was highly entrenched that focusing on the customer satisfaction would highly become effective depending upon the cost reduction process (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). However, cost reduction strategies and process in supply chain has often resulted in the breaching and violation of sustainability and the regulations oriented with it. There has been a question pertaining to the reliability and adaptability of the comp anies with the suppliers and vice versa (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). In this regard there has been a proper understanding of the process pertaining to the effective supply and logistics management. Considering the quality of the supplies, the companies would prefer the positioning of the warehouse. Both logistics and customer service goes hand in hand. Requirement such as shifting, shipping, delivery and packaging includes better problem solving attitudes in need. However, there has to be certain understanding of the process which led to the understanding of the entire case. Manufacturing Companies- Logistics and Customer Satisfaction: In terms of manufacturing companies, this has to be ensured that quality raw materials are provided to the manufacturer. Management systems and policies and principles are quite oriented with agile and lean production process. This has to be ensured that the specific understanding has to be taken into certain understanding of the process. In this process, there is a certain case that has actually provided effective learning method while addressing customer satisfaction level (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). Many papers have been written providing ample information about customer satisfaction and the strategies that the companies should undertake while addressing to the greater number o the customers. One of the most important aspects in innovative logistics management is the intervention of information technology (Lee and Lam 2012). Proper implementation process would also meliorate the disturbed situations in a company. ICT or information and communication technology in supply chain and logistics has been proving quite effective to determine customer satisfaction. The elementary mantra for ensuring customer satisfaction is the quality of product provided to the customers and post sales services (Cozzolino 2012). Two key factors that contributed immensely for the growing significance of customer service as a competitive weapon are the incessant progress of customer expectations and the steady shift of customers from branded goods to local unbranded products. A very good example would be the personal computer market, where the buyer finds it difficult to make a difference between a branded version and an unbranded one. The swiftness of technological change and a decreased product life cycle has additionally developed the significance of customer service. In terms of post sales services most of the companies use third party organizations or the outsourcing companies. In this case, those third party organizations provide ample scope to broaden the path for the core companies to reach to the greater number of customers. In this case, the outsourcing companies are highly equipped with proper ICT systems that are supplied to them from the top-class organizations (Griffis, Bell and Closs 2012). Since this is performed through a chain system, all the organizations and the agencies are to be well equipped. In this context, proper incoterm management system comes in to existence. In collaboration with the supply chain partners, the automation of the process has also eased the business practices. According to Gunasekaran et al (2004), the measurement of the performance of the suppliers is considered to be something quite important in terms of creating an essence with ease. However, this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective supply chain process. This is how, a particular group of logistics solutions are highly effective in terms of service provision to the clients (Cozzolino 2012). In this case, classification of the customer needs to be taken into account. Since supply chain is managed in B2B process i.e. business to business process, there is a clear understanding of the process pertaining to the identification of the business clients as well as the identification of the retail customers in the market (Mangan and Lalwani 2016). For instance, for shipment, the companies with high quality ICT services are always prioritized. Customer service as a complex of activities involves all areas of the business which combine to deliver and invoice the companys product in a fashion that is perceived as satisfactory by the customer and which advances the companys objective. Customer service, as a notion has numerous aspects to it (Bosona and Gebresenbet 2013). Logistics management has a key role in increasing the customer satisfaction and also retention and thus creating a lifetime client value. In other expressions, customer service as a amalgamation of activities enables a business organization to add more value to the buyer.There is a need, as Del Baldo said, to ensemble the integration between the carriers, information technology firms, and the manufacturing companies. One of the widely used technological interventions has been F lashView software that tracks the usage and storage of inventory data. The aim of using this software is to provide effective information to the clients pertaining to the update. The other important technological acceptance is the acceptance of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which is one of the most important and vital piece of technologies that ensures effective service provision to the clients in the business process. Through RFID chips, the companies are able to focus on the usage of ultimate foundational cases (Zhang et al. 2013). Social media in any business process plays an important role. However, the plethora of social media services and its synchronization has to be ensured with proper usage. Through social media optimization, the supply chain management is precisely performed. Through proper usage of social media, it would be strengthened (Cozzolino 2012). References and Bibliography Bosona, T. and Gebresenbet, G., 2013. Food traceability as an integral part of logistics management in food and agricultural supply chain.Food control,33(1), pp.32-48. Caunhye, A.M., Nie, X. and Pokharel, S., 2012. Optimization models in emergency logistics: A literature review.Socio-economic planning sciences,46(1), pp.4-13. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Cozzolino, A., 2012.Humanitarian logistics: cross-sector cooperation in disaster relief management. Springer Science Business Media. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. eds., 2013.Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. Griffis, S.E., Bell, J.E. and Closs, D.J., 2012. Metaheuristics in logistics and supply chain management.Journal of Business Logistics,33(2), pp.90-106. Hu, Z.H. and Sheu, J.B., 2013. Post-disaster debris reverse logistics management under psychological cost minimization.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,55, pp.118-141. Janvier-James, A.M., 2012. A new introduction to supply chains and supply chain management: Definitions and theories perspective.International Business Research,5(1), p.194. Kannan, D., Diabat, A., Alrefaei, M., Govindan, K. and Yong, G., 2012. A carbon footprint based reverse logistics network design model.Resources, conservation and recycling,67, pp.75-79. Katsikopoulos, K.V. and Gigerenzer, G., 2013. Behavioral operations management: A blind spot and a research program.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(1), pp.3-7. Lai, K.H. and Wong, C.W., 2012. Green logistics management and performance: Some empirical evidence from Chinese manufacturing exporters.Omega,40(3), pp.267-282. Lee, C.K.M. and Lam, J.S.L., 2012. Managing reverse logistics to enhance sustainability of industrial marketing.Industrial Marketing Management,41(4), pp.589-598. Mangan, J. and Lalwani, C., 2016.Global logistics and supply chain management. John Wiley Sons. Mithas, S., Krishnan, M.S. and Fornell, C., 2013, May. Why do customer relationship management applications affect customer satisfaction?. American Marketing Association. Myerson, P., 2012.Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Priem, R.L. and Swink, M., 2012. A demand?side perspective on supply chain management.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), pp.7-13. Rodrigue, J.P., 2012. The geography of global supply chains: evidence from third?party logistics.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(3), pp.15-23. Schnsleben, P., 2016.Integral logistics management: operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Seuring, S. and Gold, S., 2012. Conducting content-analysis based literature reviews in supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(5), pp.544-555. Seuring, S., 2013. A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), pp.1513-1520. Song, D.W. and Panayides, P., 2012.Maritime logistics: a complete guide to effective shipping and port management. Kogan Page Publishers. Soysal, M., Bloemhof-Ruwaard, J.M., Meuwissen, M.P. and van der Vorst, J.G., 2012. A review on quantitative models for sustainable food logistics management.International Journal on Food System Dynamics,3(2), pp.136-155. Waller, M.A. and Fawcett, S.E., 2013. Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management.Journal of Business Logistics,34(2), pp.77-84. Wittstruck, D. and Teuteberg, F., 2012. Understanding the success factors of sustainable supply chain management: empirical evidence from the electrics and electronics industry.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,19(3), pp.141-158. Zaffran, M., Vandelaer, J., Kristensen, D., Melgaard, B., Yadav, P., Antwi-Agyei, K.O. and Lasher, H., 2013. The imperative for stronger vaccine supply and logistics systems.Vaccine,31, pp.B73-B80. Zhang, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wei, D. and Deng, Y., 2013. Route selection for emergency logistics management: A bio-inspired algorithm.Safety science,54, pp.87-91.

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essay Example For Students

Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death Essay An Inspector calls is a well-known play, it is also a well-made play due to its progression from ignorance to knowledge, not only for the audience but for the characters as well. The date set is 1912, 2 years before the First World War. The place; a wealthy families dining room. The family consist of Arthur Birling, the father of Eric and Sheila. Mr Birlings wife is Sybil Birling. The family is well spoken, and all though they seem like a tight family who are very close, they dont really seem to know much about each other. But through out the play, turning from ignorance to knowledge they start to find out many secrets about each others past. The play starts in the family dining room celebrating the engagement between Sheila and Gerald. Gerald is also at the celebration; he is the son of one of Mr Birlings rivals. They are all talking at first about the economic situation of England, Mr Birling mentions a new ship called the titanic which sails the following week The titanic forty six thousand eight hundred tons New York in five days and unsinkable in a way that quote symbolises the play. We will write a custom essay on Who is most responsible for Eva Smiths death specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A family with everything going for them, full of confidence thinking nothing could bring them down. Then everything goes wrong so quickly. Mr Birling also quotes in 1940 by that time youll be living in a world that would have forgotten all these capital versus labour agitations and these silly little war scares. But in 1940 the Second World War was in action and there is still capital versus labour battles. The family has finished their dinner and is now drinking port. There is a knock at the door, and the maid goes to answer it. The inspector enters. His name is inspector Goole. The reactions of the family from the entrance of the inspector are not strong, at the moment they dont think they have done anything wrong. Mr Birling thinks the inspector is asking him for permission for a warrant, Im still on the Bench. It may be something about a warrant. He even tells the inspector how hes been Lord Mayor for two years and asks the inspector Well what can I do for you? Some trouble about a warrant. The inspector then informs Birling, Gerald and Eric that a young Woman had committed suicide. She had swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant and had burnt her insides out. But Mr Birling does not seem at all moved by this. He impatiently replies to this announcement by asking the inspector why he has come to their house. The inspector does not answer and carries on with what he was saying. The inspector says the woman had kept a diary and that she used different name but the first name was Eva Smith He then starts to ask questions to the family about her death. Mr Birling is the first one on the inspectors list to be questioned. Mr Birling had sacked Eva Smith from his factory because she had asked for more money. Because of this, Eva Smith became unemployed and had to work somewhere else. Mr Birling said she was a good worker and he was upset to let her go, but seemed unmoved by the fact that she committed suicide. He felt that if he had given her a raise everybody would have wanted one. The Inspector then decides to question Sheila. Sheila is the most moved from the experience out of the whole family. She tells the inspector that she was intimidated by Eva Smiths good looks. Eva Smith had managed to find herself a new job at a clothes shop called Milwards. Sheila had gone in to buy a hat, unfortunately the hat did not look right on her, Sheila feeling embarrassed caught Eva Smith laughing at her. .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .postImageUrl , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:hover , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:visited , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:active { border:0!important; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:active , .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude1942985f175518b50890359faccd8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Or Death: Who Chooses? EssaySheila refused to go in again unless Eva was sacked. This left Eva Smith unemployed again. Sheila felt nothing of what she had done, she did not think of the consequences. Once She discovered that Eva Smith had committed suicide she felt truly guilty for what she had done. Eva Smith changed her name to Daisy Renton and had to become a prostitute to get money. This is where Gerald meets her. Gerald protected her from a slimy man trying to seduce her. Gerald realising she had no money took her to a house that he was looking after and let her stay in it. He ended up having an affair with Eva Smith. Finding that the affair was going to far he had to tell her to leave. He offered her money and felt very guilty about the whole thing and found it hard to come over the terms that she was dead. Eva Smith then went back to prostitution and met Eric, in the play the audience or the family doesnt know about Eric meeting Eva Smith, His mum has only just found out about him drinking a lot. The inspector skips Eric and starts to question Mrs Birling. Mrs Birling says she met Eva Smith when she came to her charity organisation for help. Eva Smith said she was pregnant, had money troubles and introduced her name as Mrs Birling. This caused a prejudiced decision from Mrs Birling. She refused to help Eva Smith saying that the husband should help pay her. This harsh decision was the final straw for Eva Smith, causing her to kill herself. Mrs Birling did not feel guilty at all for her decision even after having learnt about the suicide. She felt her decision was justified and that all the blame should be passed on to the Father. Unfortunately for Mrs Birling the father was Eric. Eric had met her when he had had quit a bit to drink. He threatened to make a fuss if he wasnt aloud in her room. Much later he was to discover that he was the father of her unborn baby. He offered to marry her but she refused saying that he didnt love her. He then offered her money but she refused, suspecting it to be stolen. She then went to Mrs Birling for help. Each person in the family had something to do with the suicide. Mr Birling started it off by firing her from the factory. Sheila made her lose her job out of jealousy. Gerald used her and told her to leave when it suited him. Eric got her pregnant but couldnt support her properly. Mrs Birling refused to give her help. All of them did something but they cant forget that Eva Smith has her own mind, and must help herself. In such a conservative time you couldnt depend on everybody to help you. Mr Birling although starting it off, I think was least responsible. Although he fired Eva Smith, he did have a reason. If you wanted to get a rise and threatened a strike then there is a high risk of getting fired. I think although Sheila also got Eva Smith fired from Milwards, Eva could have looked somewhere else for a job, and not depended on Gerald so much. I also think Gerald did what he could. Eva Smith could have looked for a job while leaving in the apartment that Gerald was looking after, she even mentioned that she knew she was going to get thrown out soon. Eric I think was most responsible for Eva Smiths death, although offering marriage and money, it was his fault for her getting pregnant. Mrs Birling although refused to give Eva Smith money, did not really know the position Eva was in. At the end of the play the family discover the inspector is not an official police inspector. I think that whoever the Inspector is, he is a strong socialist. .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .postImageUrl , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:hover , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:visited , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:active { border:0!important; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:active , .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cc5548319f07f1e1612637cdf1147af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Eddie calls the immigration officials EssayHe says One Eva Smith has gone but there are millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths their lives all inter wined with our lives we are members of one body. We are responsible for each other. This totally contradicts with what the conservative Mr Birling says near the beginning of the play the way these cranks talk, youd think everybody has to look after everybody else a man has to mind his own business and look after himself. So although I couldnt say who I thought the inspector was exactly I would guess a political agitator, to make this wealthy family think of their consequences.

Describe factors to consider for effective communication The WritePass Journal

Describe factors to consider for effective communication References Describe factors to consider for effective communication Describe factors to consider for effective communicationWRITEPASS CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING DISSERTATION EXAMPLESIntroductionReality vs. perception of realityThe formation of divergent perceptionsInterrelationship of the stagesNature of factors that affect perceptionReferencesRelated Describe factors to consider for effective communication WRITEPASS CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING DISSERTATION EXAMPLES Introduction When it comes to communication, the problem of perception takes the central stage. Varner and Beamer (2010, p. 35) defines communication as the perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviour and the assignment of meaning to them. They considered perception so important that as long as the perception process takes place, communication occurs. Covey (1992) also emphasised the significance of perception by attributing perception problems as one of the root causes of communication problems. Differences in perceiving the world would inevitably lead to communication barriers because people communicate on the basis of their own perceptions and perception determines how people behave toward the world (Singer, 1998). Therefore, great stress has been put on the role of perception in interpersonal communication that Singer (p. 10) even proposed in communication reality  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · is less important than ones perception of reality. To discuss the crucial role of perception in communication, this essay first examines the relationship between reality and perception of reality, followed by a discussion on how perception affects communication in the stages involved. Finally, the role of three types of factors in perception physical, environmental and learned factors, will be examined. Reality vs. perception of reality Effective communication is hindered when communicators have different understandings of reality. Cognitive theorists are convinced that reality is more about the things in here in the mind, ratherthan the actual things out there (Singer, 1998). Perception, an active process by which people become aware of the world, is the window through which we experience the world .To illustrate the relationship between the two, Singer makes an analogy between the human perception process and a class assignment, both comparing and contrasting what enters and exits the mind (p. 187). Since it is impossible for a person to either experience everything in the world or have exactly the same life story as another person, no one will have absolutely right perception about the world or exactly the same perception as others. The fact that family members of twins can often easily tell one from the other explains that even twins do not have identical experiences and perceptions. The formation of divergent perceptions As Roger asserts, nothing, neither the Bible nor Freud, is more reliable than personal experience in the perception process (as cited in Griffin, 2006, p.32) . This supports Stacks, Hickson and Hills (1991, p. 4) suggestion that â€Å"Communication brings us together and perceptions tend to separate us.† Clearly, the impact of divergent perceptions in interpersonal communication has gain great attention of communicators. To reduce the difficulties in communication, it is necessary to understand how the divergent perceptions are formed in the first place. Perception is a series of procedures that blend into one another. To conveniently discuss the these procedures, perception is generally divided into three stages: selection/stimulation, organization, and interpretation/ evaluation (Lane, 2010; Kelly, 2006; Dwyer, 2009). The first stage is selection, in which the world comes to us through our sensory receptors. Naturally you cannot perceive everything; rather you engage in selective perception, where you pick up some stimulation over others. Two types of stimuli are considered more likely to draw our attention: meaningful ones and noticeable ones (Devito, 2009). Things meaningful or noticeable to one person do not often mean the same to another person. Therefore, during this stage, people of different backgrounds often receive different messages from the same world. For example, when a couple attend a concert, the husband, a musician, tends to focus on the musical part while the wife, a fashion designer, pays more attention on the costume and stage design. Suppose the design of the concert is excellent but the singer is off key from time to time. It is very likely that the couple end up having different comments on the concert. In this way, differences occur in the very first stage of perception proc ess. In the next stage organization stage, the stimuli that come into our brain will have to pass through the filters of our censor screens where they are rearranged and decoded in some ways we are used to or we learn to (Singer, 1998. p. 11) These ways of organizing data become the shortcuts that enable us to make connections between new information and previously gained knowledge, and thus simplify our understanding and remembering of new people and events. However, these shortcuts can be misleading if you rely on them too much. You may either add additional data which are consistent with your way of organizing or ignore those which is inconsistent, in order to make the new experience organisable. As the constructivists identifies, we often fit over realities to bring order to our perceptions (Griffin, 2006, p. 191). As a result, perceptual variations occur because we gain our perception not in the way it should be, but in a way every individual needs it to be. Having discussed the first two stages, we will now have a look at the third stage – interpretation/evaluation, in which we make sense out of the organised stimuli and find out the value of them. As Kelly (2006) suggests, we never have all the facts, and our interpretation and evaluation are largely dependent on the past knowledge and our own value systems. When personal experience and values are involved, differences are bound to occur. In other words, we get used to seeing some stimuli in a certain way that we dont take others into account (Lane, 2010, p.41). A good example of this would be stereotyping. When people stereotype others, they put people into categories and assert all people in the category share the same characteristics. The consequence is that barriers in communication often occur on the basis of false perceptions of others because great deal of individual differences are not taken into consideration (Lustig, 2010). The results of two studies of stereotypical p erception of African Americans show that African Americans are estimated to earn less than they actually do, are seen as poor and intimidating (Dixon, 2008) and are more likely to commit crimes (Ford, 1997). Many of stereotypes are created by direct experience with only a few members of a certain group. Others may even come from second-hand materials such as mass media without any direct experience. Yet many of us still use stereotypes to make assumptions and interpretations. This is very likely to cause communication gaps between people who perceive and expect others in their own understandings. Interrelationship of the stages Above is an analysis of how perceptual differences come into being in each of the stages. However, it is helpful to clarify, though listed in such a way, the three stages do not occur one by one. Rather, these stages often take place almost simultaneously (Lane, 2010, p. 36) and there is no way one can draw a dividing line between any of them. In addition, we should not see any stage as the start or the finish of a perception process (Russel, cited in Kelly, 2006, p. 36). It is common for people to think of these stages as a linear sequence, from gathering data to organizing the data and finally attaching some meanings to them. However, this process does not end at the interpretation stage because the result of interpretation/evaluation would affect your future sensing/selecting behaviour. In this case, some other ways of breaking down perception process would help make the point clearer. Initial three stages remaining the same, DeVito (2009, p. 64) believed two other steps take plac e afterwards: memory and recall. These two steps can lead to peoples perceptual inaccuracy in a way that people may lose or unable to recall some information. Even worse is retrieving the wrong message. Griffin (2006, p. 189) add a utilizing stage to emphasise the effect of memorized and recalled data on future communication behaviour. His suggestion of comparing the stages to the five interconnected Polemic Rings is extremely helpful in explaining the relationships of these stages of perception process (p. 187). Seeing the fact that the stages are actually interrelated and never come to an end, we can better know how we make mistakes when we think we see every aspect of an issue and make a right judgement. The truth is that previous interpretation has already had an effect on the selecting process, and we only pick up those data we want to, which further influence our organizing and evaluating process. For example: A person who experienced a destructive earthquake may notice a noise from the ground seconds before the shaking (Sensing stage). He then established a connection between the two: A noise often comes before a big earthquake and considered it a way to make predictions of future earthquakes (Organizing and interpreting). This interpretation inserts an influence on his future processing of information in the way that he may become very sensitive to similar sounds and more likely to link some other unusual phenomenon to an earthquake. From above we can see that differences take place in almost every step we take when perceiving the world. Just like what Ribbins and colleagues words said, the factors which shape and sometimes distort perception can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception occurs (as cited in Dwyer, 2009, p. 14). These stages are like a giant filter, every information in the external world have to pass through the filter which is made of your own experience, beliefs and value systems (Bjorseth, n.d.). Again, similar to the analogy of class assignment described in the beginning of this essay, what exits your mind differentiate from what comes to your mind because your uniquely designed filter has performed its job. Nature of factors that affect perception Having identified how the factors impact on the perception process in each stage, the essay now focuses on the nature of the factors that affect perceptions. Singer (1998) has suggested three categories of them: physical determinants, environmental determinants and learned determinants. Physical determinant are commonly understood as our five sensory receptors recognized by Aristotle. Interestingly, Singer’s later research has revealed at least thirty-seven differentiate sensory inputs and even more are expected to be discovered (Singer, 1998, p.14). Apart from these, other physical differences such as body shape, skin colour, hand size that make us unique in the world can contribute to differences in perception. Just like every the uniqueness of individuals physical characteristics, everything happens in a unique context. The unique surroundings of an event can be very powerful in forming different perceptions. For example, the result of judging whether a person is young or o ld will probably be influenced by which age group he is compared with. The third type of determinants, learned determinants, is seen as the most important. How people acquire their perceptual constructs has been thoroughly studied. The result of an experiment on people who are born blind but later restored with their sight shows that without the visual experiences, these people cannot tell a figure or discriminate simple shapes until several months visual learning (Perception – Innate and learned, n.d.). This reveals that learning experience is necessary and powerful in shaping and changing peoples perception. Similarly, in Varner and Beamers (2010) perception model of choices, they explain that when you encounter something unfamiliar, you either choose not to attend to it or lose memory of it until you learn how to change your mental category to accommodate it. Singer (1998, p. 19-27) also devised an exercise to test how perceptions of the same stimuli differ in different cultures. The exercise finds out that perception is greatly influenced by culture, a combination of learned activities. The more specific the symbol is, the more the interpretations are alike. The more abstract the symbol is, the more various meanings are attached to it. With such findings, it is not difficult to understand that communicators from different cultures would undoubtedly meet difficulties with the different views they hold on the same thing. From the discussions above, we have seen that misperceptions can arise when we collect information, organise it in different ways, and assign different meanings to it. In addition, differences of perceptions are determined by various factors, especially learned ones. Communications based on divergent perceptions will inevitably meet difficulties. To make communication of higher level of effectiveness, it is a good start for communicators to bear in mind the powerful influence of different perceptions on communication process, to learn the culture of other groups and to make your perceptions closer to each other. References Bjorseth, L. D. (n.d.). Improve your communication skills by cleaning your filter. Retrieved March 21, 2011 from: sideroad.com/Business_Communication/improve-communication-skill.html. Devito, J. A. (2009). The interpersonal communication book (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Dixon, T. L. (2008). Network news and racial beliefs: Exploring the connection between national television news exposure and stereotypical perceptions of African Americans. Journal of communication, 58, 321-337. Dwyer, J. (2009). Communication in business: Strategy and skills (4th ed.). Australia: Pearson Education Australia Ford, T. E. (1997). Effects of stereotypical television portrays of African-American on person perception. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60(3), 266-275. Griffin, E. (2006). A first look at communication theory (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Kelly, M. S. (2006). Communication at work: Ethical, effective, and expressive communication in workplace. London: Pearson Education Inc. Lane, S. D. (2010). Interpersonal communication: competence and contexts (2nd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Lustig, M. W. Koester, J. (2010). Intercultural competence: Interpersonal communication across cultures (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Perception Innate and learned. Retrieved March 23, 2011 from: http://science.jrank.org/pages/5093/Perception-Innate-learned.html Singer, M. R. (1998). Perception and identity in intercultural communication. Maine: Intercultural Press, Inc. Varner, I., Beamer, L. (2010). Intercultural communication in the global workplace (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill sideroad.com/Business_Communication/improve-communication-skill.html

Materials Requirement Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Enzymology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enzymology - Lab Report Example Substrate concentration is directly proportional to activity rate up to a point beyond which the reaction rate slows down and settles at a constant level because of the enzyme’s limiting factor (Yada, 2004; Whitehurst & Oort, 2009). Temperature and pH, however, increase the activity rate up to optimum levels beyond which the activity rate reduces. The optimum temperature and pH level for most enzymatic activity is room temperature and the pH level of seven (Rastogi, 2010). Enzyme inhibitors are another set of factors that reduce enzymes’ activity rate (Seager & Slabaugh, 2010). This report investigates the effects of substrate concentration, pH level, temperature and inhibitor hydrogen peroxide on bovine liver’s activity rate. It seeks to answer the question ‘how does the factors affect activity rate of Bovine liver?’ Care was taken to ensure that the oxygen gas sensor was plugged into the USB interface to launch the PAS portal window. This was followed by a click on the DataStudio icon to launch the program. The ‘create experiment’ button was then clicked to generate a ‘Digit’ box. A click on the setup button and a change of oxygen’s measurement unit to ppm then followed before calibration of the sensor. Amounts of liver extract were then incubated at given temperatures for five minutes before addition of substrate and push on the oxygen sensor stopper. With the stopper firmly held, the substrate was mixed and incubated while noting the amount of released oxygen. The experiment was repeated for different temperatures. With the set ups at the room temperature, tests were conducted at the pH levels of two, four, six, seven, eight, ten, and twelve respectively. In each set up and for every pH level, 6 ml of buffer, 3 ml of liver extract and 4 percent of H2O2 were mixed in that consecutive order. This was followed by measurement of the level of generated oxygen for calculating reaction rates at each pH level. With the

Points To Consider Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Integumentary System Essay Functions and Maintenance

Integumentary System Essay Functions and Maintenance The integumentary system is made up of skin, hair, nails, and glands. It is the most visible organ system and one of the most complex. The integumentary system protects the body from the outside world and harmful substances. The word integument means a covering, and the skin of an organ, an average adult covers well over 3000 square inches of surface area of the body. The skin weighs about six pounds which is nearly twice the weight of the brain or liver. It receives approximately one third of all the blood circulating through the body. It participates in the dissipation of water through sweating and helps regulate our body temperatures. The functions of the integumentary system are sensation, protection, thermoregulation, and secretion. In sensation receptor sites in the skin detect changes in the eternal environment for temperature and pressure. Temperature receptors produce the sensations of hot and cold. Pressure receptor sites allow us to interpret excessive pressure that results in the sensation of pain when we get pinched. Protection of the skin is an elastic resistant covering. It prevents passage of harmful physical and chemical agents. The melanin produced by the melanocytes in the stratum germinatium protects us from the damaging ultraviolet rays of sunlight. Keratin, in abundance in this outer layer, waterproofs the body. Without it handling household chemicals, swimming in pool, or taking a shower would be disastrous to the underlying cells of the body. Excessive evaporation or loss of body fluids would result in dehydration and eventual death. Sebum serves a further protective function by keeping the skin and hair moist; dry skin would crack, allowing viruses and bacteria to enter. Even though the skin forms a protective barrier, it is still slightly permeable or allow certain substances to pass through it. Vitamins A,D,E, and K all pass through the skin and are absorbed in the capillaries of the dermis. Nails protect the exposed tips of fingers and toes from physical injury. Fingernails also, aid the fingers in picking up small objects. The hair protects the scalp from damaging ultraviolet radiation from the skin, cushions the head from physical blows and insulates the scalp to a degree. The protection afforded by melanin, however, is limited. Prolonged or excessive exposure to UV radiation eventually damages the skin. In thermoregulation the normal body temperature is maintained at approximately 98.6 F (37C). The heat regulating functions of the body are extremely important. If the internal temperature varies more than a few degrees from normal, life- threatening changes take place in the body. Temperature regulation is critical to our survival because changes in temperature affect the functioning of enzymes. When people get high fevers they can die because the heat of a fever destroys the enzymes by breaking up their chemical structure. Without enzymes, chemical reactions cannot occur, and our cellular machinery breaks down and death results. When external temperatures increase, blood vessels in the dermis dilate to bring more blood flow to the surface of the body from deeper tissue beneath. Eccrine glands play an important part in maintaining normal body temperature. When the temperature of the body rises due to physical exercise or environmental conditions, the hypothalamus sends signals to the eccrine glands to secrete sweat. When sweat evaporates on the skin surface it carries large amount of body heat with it and the skin surface cools. Because blood carries heat, blood flow is another regulator of body temperature. In secretion the skin produces two secretions: sebum and sweat. Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands. It helps prevent infection and maintains the texture and integrity of the skin. Sweat is produced by the sweat glands and is essential in the cooling process of the body. The skin is actively involved in the production of vitamin D. Vitamin D is necessary for our bodies because it stimulates the intake of calcium and phosphate in our intestines. Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction and bone development. Phosphorus is an essential part of aden osine triphosphate. The integumentary system is essential to the bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s homeostasis or ability to maintain the internal balance of its functions regardless of outside conditions. The skin is the largest and heaviest in the body. In an average adult, the skin covers about 21.5 square feet and accounts for approximately seven percent of body weight, or about eleven pounds. The skin has two principal layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the thin, outer layer, and the dermis is the thick, inner layer. Beneath the dermis lies the subcutaneous layer or hypodermis, which is composed of adipose or fatty tissue. Although, not technically part of the skin, it does anchor the skin to the underlying muscles. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelial tissue. Squamous cells are thin and flat like fish scales. Stratified simply means having two or more layers. The epidermis can be divided into four or five layers. Most important of these are the inner and outer layers. The inner or deepest cell layer is the only layer of the epidermis that receives nutrients. The cells of this layer called basal cells, are constantly dividing and creating new cells daily, which push the older cells toward the surface. Basal cells produce keratin, an extremely durable and water- resistant fibrous protein. Another type of cell found in the lower dermis is the melanocyte. Melanocytes produce melanin, a protein pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black. The dermis, the second layer of skin lies between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer. Hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands are all rooted in the dermis. Connective tissue forms the dermis. Bundles of elastic, and collagen fibrous blend into the connective tissue. These fibers provide the dermis strength and flexibility. The accessory structures of the integumentary system include hair, sweat and sebaceous glands. Epithelial membranes are composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of specialized connective tissue. Roughly five million hairs cover the body of an average individual. About 100,000 of those hairs appear on the scalp. Hair shafts differ in size, shape, and color. Each individual hair is composed of three parts: the cuticle, the cortex, and the medulla. The outermost portion is the cuticle, which consists of several layers of overlapping scale like cells. The cortex is the principle portion of the hair. The middle or central part of the hair is called the medulla. The shaft is the visible portion of the hair. The shaft is the visible portion of the hair. The root is found in an epidermal tube called the hair follicle. The follicle is made up of an outer connective tissue sheath and an inner epithelial membrane continuous with the stratum germinatium. Nails are produced by nail f ollicles just as hair produced by hair follicles. Health fingernails grow about 0.04 inches per week, slightly faster than toenails. There are more than 2.5 million sweat glands and distributed over most surfaces of the human body. They are divided into two types: eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands. Eccrine glands produce sweat or perspiration, a clear secretion that is 99 percent water. An average individual losses 0.6 to 1.7 quarts of water every day through sweating. During rigorous physical activity or on a hot day, that amount could rise to 5.3 to 7.4 quarts. Apocrine glands are found in the armpits, around the nipples, and in the groin. Appocrine glands do not function until puberty. Sebaceous glands, also known as oil glands, are found in the dermis all over the body, except for the palms and soles. They secrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, proteins, and fragments of dead fat producing cells. Chemistry is important to the healing of burns and the froming of melanin and melanocytes. Melanin produces pigment and melanocytes are responsible for producing skin color. The three types of membranes are cutaneous, serous, and mucous. The cutaneous membrane is the primary organ of the integumentary system. It is one of the most important and certainly one of the largest and most visible organs. In most individuals the skin composes some sixteen percent of the body weight. The serous membrane is composed of two distinct layers of tissue. Serous membrane secrete a thin, watery fluid that helps reduce friction and serves as a lubricant when organs rules against one another, and against the walls of the cavities that contain them. Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior. There are three types of burns, first degree, second degree and third degree burns. Burns are injuries to tissues caused by intense heat, electricity, UV, radiation, or certain chemicals. When skin is burned and cells are destroyed, the body readily loses its precious supply of fluids. Dehydration can follow, leading to a shutdown of the kidneys, a life threatening condition. Infection is the leading cause of death in burn victims. First- degree burns occur when only the epidermis is damaged. Sunburns are usually first- degree burns. These minor burns are usually not serious and heal within a few days. Second- degree burns occur when the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis are damaged. In second- degree burns blisters may form and take longer to heal. In third- degree burns the skins is destroyed. Often skin grafting is necessary for third- degree burns. Third- degree burns take weeks to heal and will leave permanent scarring. In the current research on anti- aging treatments is on anti- aging. Research has taught us that by using components that are already found in the skin can help restore youth. We have yet to see the long term effects of some anti- aging products such as Botox and Restylane. In certain treatments can help to restore the skin of anti- aging. Botox is injected into the skin to treat severe underarm sweating. When medicines used on the skin do not work well enough. Restylane use hyaluronic acid to replace lost volumes and restore youthful skin contains to smooth away, moderate to severe facial wrinkles, and folds such as the lines from your nose to the corners of your mouth.

Colonialism Essay -- essays research papers

European overseas expansion evolved from sixteenth-century colonialism driven by mercantilism to nineteenth-century nationalistic imperialism. Both had different forces compelling them; thus different countries—although most the same—participated in each phenomenon with unique, but largely similar goals. These two forces that overtook the world are comparable as they both have the same objectives; however, mercantilism compelled colonialism while nationalism drove imperialism. Colonialism Beginning in the sixteenth century and lasting until the early seventeenth century, several European countries colonialized by formally exerting the control of their political entity over another political entity in a different geographical location. Spain, Portugal, England, France, and Holland were the primary â€Å"exerters of control,† while the Americas and its neighboring islands, along with small colonies in Africa and Asia, were the â€Å"exerted upon.† The main force compelling these expansions was the doctrine of mercantilism. Three different systems of colonialism played themselves out in different locations. Plantations were assembled when the climate was favorable and the workforce was available; factories were set up when extractable resources were to be obtained without a foreign conquest; and settlement colonies appeared where the Europeans favored the environment and felt unintimidated by natives. Basically, these strong countries dominated weaker ones to promote their own national s...